Article by
Katewinslet
Introduction
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a tumor of blood myeloid cells, which are characterized by the unlimited growth of white blood cells. Cells accumulate in the bone marrow, where they disrupt the normal production of blood cells. AML is a relatively rare form of cancer and accounts for only about 1% of cancer deaths in the United States. At the same time increases the most common acute leukemia affecting adults, and the incidence with age, so the incidence is expected to rise dramatically with age.
symptoms of AML include fatigue, shortness of breath, easy bruising and bleeding and increased risk of infection. All these symptoms are caused by abnormal myeloid cells replace normal bone marrow. This leads to the reduction produced by the bone marrow cells, including red blood cells, platelets and normal white blood cells. the initial diagnosis of AML is usually made of an abnormal blood count. The most common findings are leukocytosis, increased white blood cell count but abnormal white blood cells are also seen. AML may also decrease platelet and red blood cells. The final diagnosis of AML requires a bone marrow biopsy to distinguish other types of leukemia and AML subtype classification. According to WHO criteria commonly used, indicating the diagnosis of AML was established more than 20% myeloblasts in the blood and / or bone marrow. There are several subtypes of AML with different assumptions. Five-year survival ranges from 15-70% and recurrence in the range 33-78%, depending on the subtype. PROSNOSTIC SPECIFICATIONS
The most important prognostic factor in AML with specific cytogenetic abnormality is related to the disease. Some changes are associated with very good results, such as t (15:17) translocation, while others are associated with poor prognosis and high risk of relapse after treatment. Approximately 50% of AML patients have “normal” cytogenetics, and should fall into the medium risk category.
Other genetic factors play a role in the AML estimate. Internal tandem duplication of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) shows poor forecasting of AML. Although the clinical significance of FLT3 remains unclear, it may be useful in determining the most effective treatment. HEALTH
AML is an aggressive acute leukemia, which develops rapidly and is usually fatal within weeks or months if left untreated. Initial treatment with chemotherapy for AML has two phases. The first phase is induction. Objective of this phase, a complete remission with chemotherapy, in which abnormal white blood cells are identified. The second phase of consolidation, which aims to completely eliminate undetectable residual disease and thus cure the patient. Some patients may be eligible for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation to restore bone marrow function after a relapse, or whether they are especially high in sub-type.
FLT3 inhibitors
AML is still one of the difficult to treat haematological malignancies who relapse after treatment is high and often poor results. High frequency of activating FLT3 mutations associated with poor prognosis in these patients has led researchers to explore FLT3-based therapies. High-throughput screening has identified potential FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor known Quizartinib (AC220).
Phase II clinical trials are underway to determine the effects of quizartinib in the treatment of AML. Quizartinib tested both individually and in combination with other therapeutic treatment of refractory AML. Preliminary analysis of survey data has shown positive results and will likely continue to develop drugs in phase III trials soon. Summary
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a somewhat rare hematologic malignancy growing incidence of the U.S. population ages. There are several sub-groups, which can be differentiated diagnosis is based on cytogenetics. Prognosis is highly dependent on the specific subtype identified. AML is an aggressive disease that is fatal within months if not treated. But it’s still very difficult to treat and prone to relapse. Activation mutations of FLT3 tyrosine kinase is associated with a poor forecast of AML. For this reason, quizartinib, FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently being studied for the treatment of AML.
LINKS
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